谁拥有俄罗斯？

ECO中文网 · 公众号 · · 2017-06-28 01:03

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90 年代掌握了权力的寡头打到在地，恢复国家作为头号仲裁者的角色。相反，戴维莎写道，他已经“将一种寡头在其中享有独立性且有着更大权力的国家结构转变为一种社团结构。在这种结构中，政府官员出于既为国家也为自己的目的，已经获得了利益并且掌握着经济命脉，而寡头们则需要投其所好地为这些政府官员效力。“ 戴维莎指出，这种转变的结果是： 110 名个人控制着俄罗斯 35 ％的财富。

The buccaneering oligarchs who emerged in the 1990s were bright, self-made men who ruthlessly exploited every opportunity offered by the transition economy. Mr Putin's cohort is different. Most of them are secretive, unremarkable, grey men, with backgrounds in the security services. They prospered, not by building new businesses, but by suffocating existing ones and picking up the pieces or sucking money out of the state.

上世纪 90 年代出现的掠夺性寡头都是明明白白的白手起家之人，他们无情地利用了转型经济所提供的每一个机会。普京的同伙不是这样。他们都是身份神秘且不引人瞩目的普通人，有着在安全部门工作的背景。他们的发家致富，不是通过构建新的商业帝国而是依靠扼杀现有的商业帝国、吞并一些小企业或者是从国家榨取钱财等手段强而实现的。

In the mid-1990s Yegor Gaidar, the architect of Russian market reforms, feared that the repressive Soviet bureaucracy could morph into a mafia system. “A union between mafia and [bureaucratic] corruption can create a monster which has no equivalent in Russian history—an all-powerful mafia state, a real octopus,” he wrote in 1994. A decade later Gaidar's concern began to turn into reality. Ms Dawisha's book describes the fusion between the secret police, the mafia and the oligarchs with tentacles that stretch into almost every aspect of life in Russia and beyond.

上世纪 90