【经济学人】人脑PK计算机 | 2017.01.07 | 总第775期

考研英语时事阅读 · 公众号 · 考研 · 2017-01-25 06:00

正文

请到「今天看啥」查看全文

注：图灵测试是测试人在与被测试者(一个人和一台机器)隔开的情况下，通过一些装置（如键盘）向被测试者随意提问。问过一些问题后，如果被测试者超过30%的答复不能使测试人确认出哪个是人、哪个是机器的回答，那么这台机器就通过了测试，并被认为具有人类智能。图灵测试 2014 的举办方英国雷丁大学发布新闻稿，宣称俄罗斯人弗拉基米尔·维西罗夫（Vladimir Veselov）创立的人工智能软件尤金·古斯特曼（Eugene Goostman）通过了图灵测试。如果这一结论获得确认，那么这将是人工智能乃至于计算机史上的一个里程碑事件。

Few giants in computing stand with Turing in fame, but one has given his name to a similar challenge: Terry Winograd, a computer scientist at Stanford. In his doctoral dissertation MrWinograd posed a riddle for computers: “The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because they feared violence. Who feared violence?”

在计算机大神中，很少有人能与图灵的名声比肩媲美的，但是斯坦福大学的计算机科学家Terry Winograd发起了一个以自己名字命名的类似挑战。他在博士论文中，给计算机提出了一个谜语：“城市议员拒绝给示威者许可，因为他们害怕暴力。那么问题来了，到底是谁害怕暴力呢？”

doctoral dissertation：博士论文
riddle：谜语
councilmen：议员
demonstrators：游行示威者

THE Turing Test图灵测试

It is a perfect illustration of a well-recognised point: many things that are easy for humans are crushingly difficult for computers. MrWinograd went into AI research in the 1960s and 1970s and developed an early natural-language program called SHRDLU that could take commands and answer questions about a group of shapes it could manipulate: “Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box.” This work brought a jolt of optimism to the AI crowd, but MrWinograd later fell out with them, devoting himself not to making machines intelligent but to making them better at helping human beings. (These camps are sharply divided by philosophy and academic pride.)