正文
CNN
In Tianjin, officials shut down expressways, increased public transportation capacity by 15% and
ordered cars to run on alternate days based on whether the vehicles' license plates end in odd or even numbers
.
天津关闭了高速公路,把公共交通承载量增加15%,并实行单双号限行。
Beijing also
restricted automobile traffic
, while in Shandong Province, officials closed
toll gates
on four expressways.
北京同样实行了交通限行,山东省关闭了四条高速公路的收费站。
Other measures undertaken by affected cities include suspending construction projects, canceling classes for kindergartens and primary schools and closing or reducing production at some factories.
其他措施包括,暂停施工、幼儿园和小学停课、一些工厂停止或减少生产。
《中国日报》
All these cities have
placed stringent restrictions on
industrial emissions and limited the use of vehicles. However, inspectors encountered many violations over the weekend.
所有这些城市都对工业排放和车辆使用进行了严格限制,不过周末仍有许多违规现象发生。
美联社
More than 700 companies stopped production in Beijing and traffic police were
restricting drivers by monitoring their license plate numbers
.
北京700多所工厂停工,交通按车牌号限行。
Authorities have even removed charcoal grills from restaurants and banned spray painting in parts of the city.
餐馆木炭烤架被取缔,部分地区禁止喷绘。
NASA科学家分析中国雾霾
中国的雾霾太严重,已经被美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的科学家用来做研究对象了。
在下面这个视频中,NASA科学家,Bryan N. Duncan博士,做了一个“A Tale of Three Cities”的演讲。
他研究了北京、洛杉矶和亚特兰大三地的空气质量和治理过程。从太空的角度分析:为什么中国雾霾这么严重?以及美国空气污染的历史、现状和解决办法。
我们来一起看看。
视频中,Duncan博士这样分析中国雾霾产生的原因:
In the last several decades they've undergone an industrial revolution, and this has been fueled by China's cheap and abundant coal.
过去几十年间,中国经历了工业改革。其支柱是中国廉价且储量巨大的煤矿。
And along with this industrialization, there's been an increase in urbanization as well as the standard of living.
伴随着工业化,城镇化得以加速,人们的生活质量水平日益提高。
So the Chinese people are manufacturing and consuming more goods.
所以中国人正在生产并消耗更多产品。
But more importantly, they are exporting many of these goods, and is considered to be the world's manufacturing hub.
但更重要的是,其中很多商品用来出口。中国也被认为是全球的制造中心。
When you burn coal, sulfur dioxide is released, and it's a precursor to acid rain.
当你燃烧煤矿时,就会释放出二氧化硫。这是酸雨的先兆。
And it also is a contributor to these particulates that plague Chinese cities.
这也是笼罩着很多中国城市的颗粒物的又一大成分。
NASA卫星监测到北京上空被大量燃煤产生的二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide)笼罩。
和美国对比一下,可以看出中国污染有多严重。而美国污染稍微严重一点的地区是俄亥俄河谷,因为这里是美国发电站最集中的地区。
但当地的污染物仍然比北京少很多,这是因为:
It's much lower in the US because it's required by law for these power plants to operate scrubber technology.
美国法律要求这些发电站使用过滤技术。
These scrubbers literally scrub or remove the SO2, sulfur dioxide, from the effluent of power plant before it's released to the atmosphere.
这些过滤器会在发电站将排放物排放到空气前将其过滤,去除二氧化硫。
The problem here is the scrubber technology is incredibly expensive to operate.
但问题是这种过滤技术非常昂贵。
So places like China and India simply can't
afford
to.
像中国、印度这样的国家负担不起。
实际上,几十年前,美国的空气污染也很严重。
科学家发现当时雾霾的主要成分是臭氧(ozone)。
而臭氧的形成主要来自三部分:
1. sunlight 阳光
阳光催化各种产生能量的化学反应。
2. fuel burning 燃油燃烧
煤炭和汽油燃烧时,产生氮氧化物(nitrogen oxides)。这些都是排气管和烟囱里排放出来的。
3. petroleum products 石油产品
主要来自于汽车尾气和工厂排放的挥发性有机化合物。
研究清楚臭氧来源后,美国政府就对症下药。
Control the emissions of volatile organic compounds from cars and factories.
最初,控制汽车和工厂排放的挥发性有机化合物。
Control
nitrogen
oxide emissions from power plants and cars. Cars were required to have catalytic converters installed on them.
之后,控制发电厂和汽车的氮氧化物排放。要求汽车配备催化式排气净化器。
就这样,20年内,美国的污染物降低了将近60%。
而且是在人口、汽车数量和能源消耗都在增加的情况下降低了污染。
这样的成功案例值得我们思考和学习。
世界各地如何治霾
空气污染不仅是我国面临的重大环境议题,也是一个世界性的话题。
除了上面看到的美国治霾的成功案例,我们还可以看看世界其他城市都是怎样应对空气污染的。